Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power refers to the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling of the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector. The terms cogeneration and trigeneration can also be applied to the power systems of electricity, heat, and industrial chemicals – eg, syngas or pure hydrogen (article: combined cycles, chapter: natural gas integrated power & syngas (hydrogen) generation cycle). Cogeneration is a more efficient use of fuel because otherwise it is wasted heat of electricity generation. Combined heat and power (CHP) plants recover otherwise wasted thermal energy for heating. This is also called combined heat and power district heating. Small CHP plants are an example of decentralized energy. By-product heat at moderate temperatures (100-180 ° C, 212-356 ° F) can also be used in absorption refrigerators for cooling. The supply of high-temperature heat first drives a gas or steam turbine-powered generator. The resulting low-temperature waste heat is then used for water or space heating. At smaller scales (typically below 1 MW) a gas engine or diesel engine may be used. Trigeneration differs from cogeneration in that the waste heat is used for both heating and cooling, typically in an absorption refrigerator. Combined cooling, heat and power systems can be more efficient than traditional power plants. In the United States, the application of trigeneration in buildings is called building cooling, heating and power. Heating and cooling output can operate concurrently or alternately Cogeneration has been practiced in some of the earliest facilities of electrical generation. Before central stations distributed power, industries generating their own power. Large office and apartment buildings, commonly owned and operated. Due to the high cost of these acquisitions, these theses are still available. Cogeneration has been practiced in some of the earliest facilities of electrical generation. Before central stations distributed power, industries generating their own power. Large office and apartment buildings, commonly owned and operated. Due to the high cost of these acquisitions, these theses are still available. Cogeneration has been practiced in some of the earliest facilities of electrical generation. Before central stations distributed power, industries generating their own power. Large office and apartment buildings, commonly owned and operated. Due to the high cost of these acquisitions, these theses are still available.

Many processes, such as chemical plants, oil refineries and pulp and paper mills, require large amounts of process heat for such operations as chemical reactors, distillation columns, steam driers and other uses. This heat, which is usually used in the form of steam, can be generated at a low temperature, and can be generated at a higher temperature. In the turbine is the energy and the energy is converted to work. Thermal power plants (those that are based on a thermodynamic cycle to convert heat produced by solar mirrors, fissile elements, burning coal, petroleum, or natural gas), and heat engines in general, do not convert all of their thermal energy into electricity. In most heat engines, more than half is lost to excess heat (see: Second law of thermodynamics and Carnot’s theorem). By capturing the excess heat, CHP uses heat that would be wasted in a plant, potentially reaching an efficiency of up to 80%. Steam turbines at thermal power stations are normally designed to be fed to the environment. temperature and a few millimeters of mercury absolute pressure. (This is called a condensing turbine.) Steam Turbines for Cogeneration are designed for the purpose of extracting steam from turbines, and they are designed to be used in wind turbines, or they are designed with or without extraction. , for final exhaust at back pressure (non-condensing). A typical power generation turbine has a pressure of 160 psig (1.103 MPa) and 60 psig (0.41 MPa). A typical back pressure may be 60 psig (0.41 MPa). In practice these pressures are custom designed for each facility. The extract or exhaust steam is used for heating. Steam at ordinary process heating conditions has a considerable amount of enthalpy that could be used for power generation, so cogeneration has an opportunity cost. Conversely, simply generating steam at the cost of an opportunity cost. (See: Steam Turbine # Steam supply and exhaust conditions) The capital and operating cost of high pressure boilers, turbines and generators are substantial, and this equipment is usually operated continuously, which usually limits self-generated power to large-scale operations. A combined cycle (in which several thermodynamic cycles produce electricity), may also be used to extract heat using a heating system as a condenser of the power plant’s bottoming cycle. For example, the RU-25 MHD generator in Moscow has a boiler for a conventional steam powerplant, which is then used for space heat. A more modern system could use a gas turbine powered by natural gas, which condensate provides heat. Cogeneration plants based on a combined cycle power unit can have thermal efficiencies above 80%. The viability of CHP (sometimes termed utilization factor), especially in smaller CHP installations, depends on a good deal of operation, both in terms of on-site and near demand. In practice, an exact match between the heat and electricity needs. A CHP plant can meet the need for heat (heat driven operation) or be used as a power plant with its use of its waste heat, the latter being more advantageous in terms of its utilization factor and its overall efficiency. The viability can be greatly increased where opportunities for Trigeneration exist. In such cases, The heat from the CHP plant is also used as a primary energy source for delivering chiller absorption. CHP is most efficient when heat can be used on-site or very close to it. Overall efficiency is reduced when the heat is transported over longer distances. This is heavily insulated pipes, which are expensive and inefficient; comparatively simple wire, and over much longer distances for the same energy loss. A car becomes a CHP plant in winter when the heat is useful for warming the interior of the vehicle. The example of the deployment of CHP depends on heat in the vicinity of the heat engine. Thermally enhanced oil recovery (TEOR) plants often produce a substantial amount of excess electricity. After generating electricity, These seedlings pump leftover steam into heavy oil wells so that the oil will flow more easily, increasing production. TEOR cogeneration plants in Kern County, California is much more popular than it is in Los Angeles. CHP is one of the most cost-effective methods of reducing carbon emissions from heating systems and is the most energy efficient method of transforming energy from fossil fuels or biomass into electric power. Cogeneration plants are commonly found in the district heating systems of cities, central heating systems of buildings, hospitals, prisons and are commonly used in the industry for thermal production processes for water treatment, cooling, steam production or CO 2 fertilization.

Topping cycle seedlings primarily produce electricity from a steam turbine. The exhausted steam is then condensed and the low temperature heat of this condensation is used for the district heating or water desalination. Bottoming cycle plants produce high temperature heat for industrial processes, then a waste heat recovery boiler feeds an electrical plant. Bottoming cycle plants are only used when the industrial process requires them, so they are less common. Large cogeneration systems provide heating water and power for an industrial site or an entire town. Common CHP plant types are: Some cogeneration plants are fired by biomass, or industrial and municipal solid waste (see incineration). Some CHP plants utilize waste gas as fuel for electricity and heat generation. Waste gases can be gas from landfill gas, gas from coal mines, sewage gas, and combustible industrial waste gas. Some cogeneration plants combines solar and photovoltaic generation to further improve technical and environmental performance. Such hybrid systems can be scaled down to the level and individual homes.

For a price of $ 22,600 before installation. For 2013 a state subsidy for 50,000 units is in place. Microchp installations use five different technologies: microturbines, internal combustion engines, stirling engines, closed cycle steam engines and fuel cells. One author stated in 2008 that MicroCHP based on Stirling engines is the most cost effective of the so-called microgeneration technologies in abating carbon emissions; A 2013 UK report from Ecuity Consulting stated that MCHP is the most cost-effective method of using gas to generate energy at the domestic level. However, advances in reciprocation engine technology are adding to the CHP plant, particularly in the biogas field. As both MiniCHP and CHP have been shown to reduce emissions in the field of CO 2 reduction from buildings, where more than 14% of emissions can be saved using CHP in buildings. The University of Cambridge reported a cost effective microchp prototype engine in 2017 which has the potential to be commercially competitive in the following decades.

A plant producing electricity is called a trigeneration or polygeneration plant. Cogeneration systems linked to absorption chillers

In the United States, Consolidated Edison distributes 66 billion kilograms of 350 ° F (180 ° C) steam per year through its seven-seeded plant to 100,000 buildings in Manhattan-the United States’s largest steam district. The peak delivery is 10 million pounds per hour (or approximately 2.5 GW).

Cogeneration is still common in pulp and paper mills, refineries and chemical plants. In this “industrial cogeneration / CHP”, the heat is typically recovered at higher temperatures (above 100 deg C) and used for process steam or drying duties. This is more valuable and flexible than low-grade waste heat, but there is a slight loss of power generation. The increased focus on sustainability has made CHP more attractive, as it is much less carbon footprint compared to generating steam or burning fuel on-site and importing electric power from the grid.

Industrial cogeneration plants to operate at much lower boiler pressures than utilities. Among the reasons are: 1) Cogeneration plants face possible contamination of returned condensate. Because boiler feed water from cogeneration plants is much less than 100% condensing power plants, industries usually have to treat proportionately more boiler make up water. Boiler feed water must be completely oxygen free and de-mineralized, and the most important of the water supply. 2) Utilities are of greater importance than industry, which helps offset the higher capital costs of high pressure. 3) Utilities are less likely to have sharp load swings than

A heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is a steam boiler that uses hot exhaust gases from the gas turbines or reciprocating engines in a CHP plant to heat up water and generate steam. The steam, in turn, drives a steam turbine or is used in industrial processes that require heat. HRSGs used in the CHP industry are distinguished by the following main features:

A heat pump can be compared with a CHP unit as follows. If, to supply thermal energy, the exhaust steam from the turbo-generator should be taken at a higher temperature than the system would produce more electricity, the lost electrical generation is as if a heat pump were used to provide the same heat by taking electrical power from the generator running at lower output temperature and higher efficiency. Typically for every unit of electrical power lost, then about 6 units of heat are made available at about 90 ° C. Thus CHP has an effective Coefficient of Performance (COP) compared to a heat pump of 6. However, for a remotely operated heat pump, losses in the electrical distribution network would need to be considered, of the order of 6%. Because the losses are proportional to the square of the current, These conditions are much greater than that of widespread distribution. It is also possible to run with a heat pump, where the excess electricity is used to drive a heat pump. As heat demand increases, more electricity is generated to drive the heat pump, with the waste heat also heating the heating fluid. where the excess electricity is used to drive a heat pump. As heat demand increases, more electricity is generated to drive the heat pump, with the waste heat also heating the heating fluid. where the excess electricity is used to drive a heat pump. As heat demand increases, more electricity is generated to drive the heat pump, with the waste heat also heating the heating fluid.

Most industrial countries have the majority of their power supply. These plants have excellent economies of scale, but usually transmit electricity long distances resulting in sizable losses, negatively affect the environment. Large power plants can use cogeneration or trigeneration systems only when sufficient is needed in the immediate vicinity of an industrial complex, additional power plant or a city. An example of cogeneration with trigeneration applications in a major city is the New York City steam system.

Each cycle of the cycle is in the history of the cycle of steam turbine power plants or Brayton cycle in the turbine with steam turbine plants. Most of the energy loss is associated with the heat of vaporization of steam that is not recovered when a turbine exhausts its low temperature and pressure steam to a condenser. (5) / (5): (1) In the case of a steam turbine, the temperature of the reactor is reduced to 5 ° C / 11 ° F. where it can be used for process heat, building heat or cooling with an absorption chiller. The majority of this heat is from the latent heat of vaporization when the steam condenses. Thermal efficiency in a cogeneration system is de fi ned as follows: For practical and near-term use (<2 KM typically). Even though the efficiency of a small distributed electrical generator can be less than a large central power plant, the use of its waste heat for local heating and cooling can result in an 80%. This provides substantial financial and environmental benefits. Even though the efficiency of a small distributed electrical generator can be less than a large central power plant, the use of its waste heat for local heating and cooling can result in an 80%. This provides substantial financial and environmental benefits. Even though the efficiency of a small distributed electrical generator can be less than a large central power plant, the use of its waste heat for local heating and cooling can result in an 80%. This provides substantial financial and environmental benefits.

Typically, for a fully-installed gas-fired plant cost per kW electrical is around £ 400 / kW ($ 577 USD), which is comparable with large central power stations.

 

The EU has actively incorporated cogeneration into its energy policy via the CHP Directive. In addition, the European Commissioner’s Energy Intergroup, Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs is quoted in the European Union’s Cogeneration Directive. 2004/08 / EC. This directive is intended to support cogeneration and establish a method for calculating cogeneration abilities per country. The development of cogeneration has been very prevalent over the years and has been dominated by national circumstances. The European Union Generates 11% of its electricity using cogeneration. HOWEVER, There is a large difference between Member States with variations of the energy savings between 2% and 60%. Europe has the three countries with the world’s most intensive cogeneration economies: Denmark, the Netherlands and Finland. Of the 28.46 TWh of electrical power generated by plants in Finland in 2012, 81.80% was cogeneration. Other European countries are also making great efforts to increase efficiency. Germany reported that at present, over 50% of the country’s total electricity demand could be provided through cogeneration. So far, Germany has set the target for double its electricity by 12.5% ​​of the country’s electricity and electricity. The UK is also actively supporting combined heat and power. In the light of UK’s goal to achieve a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, the government has set the target to be at least 15% of its government electricity use from CHP by 2010. , grant support, greater regulatory framework, and government leadership and partnership. According to the IEA 2008 modeling of cogeneration expansion for the G8 countries, the expansion of cogeneration in France, Germany, Italy and the UK alone would effectively double the existing primary fuel savings by 2030. This would increase Europe’s savings from today’s 155.69 Twh to 465 Twh in 2030. It would also result in a 16% to 29% increase in each country’s total cogenerated electricity by 2030. Governments are being assisted in their efforts by COGEN Europe. COGEN is Europe’s umbrella organization representing the interests of the cogeneration industry. The European public-private partnership Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Seventh Framework Program project ene.field deploys in 2017 up to 1,000 residential fuel cell Combined Heat and Power (micro-CHP) facilities in 12 states. Per 2012 the first 2 installations have taken place. The European public-private partnership Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Seventh Framework Program project ene.field deploys in 2017 up to 1,000 residential fuel cell Combined Heat and Power (micro-CHP) facilities in 12 states. Per 2012 the first 2 installations have taken place. The European public-private partnership Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Seventh Framework Program project ene.field deploys in 2017 up to 1,000 residential fuel cell Combined Heat and Power (micro-CHP) facilities in 12 states. Per 2012 the first 2 installations have taken place.

In the United Kingdom, the Combined Heat and Power Quality Assurance scheme regulates the combined production of heat and power. It was introduced in 1996. It defines, through the calculation of inputs and outputs, “Good Quality CHP” in terms of the achievement of primary energy savings. Compliance is required for co-generation of facilities to be eligible for government subsidies and tax incentives.

Perhaps the first modern use of energy recycling was done by Thomas Edison. His 1882 Pearl Street Station, the world’s first commercial power plant, was a combined heat and power plant, producing both electricity and thermal energy while using waste heat to warm neighboring buildings. Recycling allowed Edison’s plant to achieve approximately 50 percent efficiency. By the early 1900s, regulations emerged to promote rural electrification through the construction of centralized plants managed by regional utilities. These regulations do not include electrification throughout the countryside, but they are also discussed as such. By 1978, In the United States, the use of renewable energy products has been promoted with the use of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), which encourages the use of energy. Cogeneration proliferated plants, soon producing about 8% of all energy in the United States. However, the bill left implementation and enforcement up to individual states, resulting in little or nothing being done in many parts of the country. The United States Department of Energy has an aggressive goal of having 20% ​​of generation capacity in the 2030. Eight Clean Energy Application Centers have been established in the United States. lead “clean energy” (combined heat and power, waste heat recovery and district energy) technologies and their implementation. The focus of the Application Centers is to provide an outreach and technology deployment program for end-users, policy makers, utilities, and industry stakeholders. High electric rates in New England and the Middle Atlantic make these areas of the United States the most beneficial for cogeneration.