Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also known as Green Tags, Renewable Energy Credits, Renewable Electricity Certificates, or Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs), are tradable, non-tangible energy commodities in the United States that represent proof that 1 megawatt-hour ( MWh) is a renewable energy source (renewable energy) and has been fed into the shared system of power lines which transport energy. Solar renewable energy certificates (SRECs) are RECs that are specifically generated by solar energy. Renewable Energy Certificates provide a mechanism for the purchase of renewable energy. The updated Greenhouse Gas Protocol Scope 2 Guidance Guarantees of Origin, RECs and I-RECs as mainstream instruments for documenting and tracking electricity from sources. These certificates can be sold and traded or bartered, and the owner of the renewable energy. According to the US Department of Energy’s Green Power Network, RECs represent the environmental attributes of the power produced by renewable energy projects and are sold separately from commodity electricity. RECO is a renewable incentive for renewable energy sources. A green energy provider (such as a wind farm) is credited with one REC for every 1, 000 kWh or 1 MWh of electricity it produces (for reference, an average residential customer consumes about 800 kWh in a month). A certifying agency gives each REC a unique identification number to make sure it does not get double-counted. The green energy is then fed into the electrical grid (by mandate), and the accompanying REC can be sold on the open market. “Retirement occurs when a Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) is used by the owner of the REC, may be not limited to, (1) use of the REC by an end-use customer, marketer, generator (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) A public claim associated with a purchase of RECs by an end-of-use customer, or (3) REC is retired, donated, or transferred to any other party. No party other than the owner may make claims associated with retired RECs. “Energy from any grid-tied source is bought and sold by contracts specifying the generator and purchaser. The majority of RECs are consumed from the electricity itself, and are widely used in the field of electricity and electricity. In these cases, the electricity is sold as “null” energy without its environmental and social benefits, as if it was generated by non-renewable resources such as coal or natural gas. When RECs are purchased in combination with non-renewable electricity. This is how the grid is connected to renewable energy is traded in the US Grid-connected renewable energy is used by their companies to meet their environmental requirements. RECs allow for purchasers to support renewable energy generation and allow the economic forces of supply and demand for renewable energy. Grid-connected renewable energy is used by their utilities and their environmental requirements. RECs allow for purchasers to support renewable energy generation and allow the economic forces of supply and demand for renewable energy. Grid-connected renewable energy is used by their utilities and their environmental requirements. RECs allow for purchasers to support renewable energy generation and allow the economic forces of supply and demand for renewable energy.

There are two main markets for renewable energy certificates in the United States – compliance and voluntary markets. Compliance states are created by a policy that exists in 29 US states, plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, called Renewable Portfolio Standard. In these states, the electric companies are required to supply a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable generators by a specified year. For example, in California the law is 33% renewable by 2020, for New York has a 24% requirement by 2013. util Electric s REC s REC s REC; in the California example, the electric companies would need to get RECs equivalent to 33% of their electricity sales. Voluntary markets are ones in which customers choose to buy a renewable energy. Most of the time, they are voluntary. Renewable energy generators located in the United States.

RECs can be traded directly to third party marketers, brokers, or asset managers are commonly found in the marketplace. Renewable generation facilities will be able to sell their credits to these entities, who will resell them on the market at a later date. Texas developed the first comprehensive RECs system in the US, a web-based platform that provides for the issuance, registration, trade, and retirement of RECs. The Texas REC Program, which only tracks renewable energy certificates, started operating in July 2001.

RSP compliance is the same, but it is a type of recession. Solar renewable energy certificates or SRECs, for example, tend to be more valuable in the 16 states that have specifically set aside RPS specifically for solar energy. This differentiation is intended to promote diversity in the renewable energy mix, which is an undifferentiated, competitive REC market, favors the economics and scale achieved by wind farms. In the United States, the prices for SRECs decreased from 2010 to 2014. In New Jersey, the price for a SREC was $ 665.04 in July 2010 and about $ 160 in May 2014 for SRECs. In Delaware, the spot price for a 2010 SREC was $ 255 in July 2010 and about $ 50 in May 2014 for SRECs. Rates for 2015 to 2017 RECS purchased from $ 0.15- $ 0.045 per kWh produced. In Canada, 2008-09 BCHydro offers $ 3 / MWh for “green attributes”, for long-term contracts, 20 plus years. Many Independent Power Producers (IPPs) believe that this is much less than “fair market value”, but have no alternative. While the value of RECs fluctuates, they are usually obligatory to “deliver” RECs to their customers within a few months of their generation date. Other organizations will also be able to provide a specific price for a future wind farm, for example, making the building of the wind farm a financially viable prospect.

RECs are commonly known as Green Tags or Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs), depending on the market. The US currently does not have a national registry of RECs issued. The Center for Resource Solutions administers a voluntary program which ensures that double counting takes place. Under the Green-e Energy program, participants are required to submit an annual audit process for all eligible transactions. The certification process requires third party verification by an independent certified public accountant or certified internal auditor. CRS maintains a list of auditors who meet the criteria listed on the program.

The following generation technologies qualify as producers of RECs:

“Additionality” in the context of greenhouse gas (GHG) means that the renewable energy energy has been introduced on the grid as a “business as usual”. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) favors performance based measures of additionality, such as the megawatt hour (MWh) equivalent per REC. The importance of RECs and the emergence of RECs markets depends on the Renewable Portfolio Standard. Such a balkanized approach to establishing RECs markets and incentives may be required by the Member State of the United Kingdom. and their electricity consumers) with mandatory RPS. We can learn from EPA’s SOx and NOx cap and trade program with regard to the principle of a national standard of measurement. air quality. In states with a Renewable Portfolio Standard, a RECs purchase enables the utility company to meet its minimum renewable energy production rate, regardless of the source of energy. By analogy, in the EPA cap and trade program, a “clean” utility in a state of the art would have to be added to a “smokestack scrubbers”. The United States Environmental Protection Agency claims the highest percentage of all federal agencies. In 2007, it offset the electricity use of 100% of its offices. The Air Force is the largest purchaser in the US government, purchasing 899,142 MWh worth of RECs. Among colleges and universities, The University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia is the largest buyer of RECs, buying 192,727 MWh of RECs from wind power. The leading company is Intel, with 1,302,040 MWh purchased in 2007, and the largest purchaser among retailers is Whole Foods, which purchased 509,104 MWH, or enough RECs to offset 100% of its electricity needs. Note, that research shows that RECs purchased and retired voluntarily in the United States (ie, not for compliance with a Renewable Portfolio Standard) do not lead to any significant additional renewable energy investment or generation.