Sustainable biofuel is biofuel produced in a sustainable manner.
In 2008, the Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels released its proposed standards for sustainable biofuels. This includes 12 principles: “The EU Renewable Energy Directive requires that the emissions of biofuels be at least 50 percent less than the equivalent emissions of gasoline or diesel by 2017 (and 35 percent less starting in 2011). Also, the feedstocks for biofuels “should not be harvested from high biodiversity value lands, from carbon-rich or forested land, or from wetlands”. “As with the EU, the US Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) and the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) both require specific levels of fuel economy. The RFS requires less than half of the production biofuels mandated by 2022 should reduce lifecycle emissions by 50 percent. The LCFS is a performance standard that calls for a minimum of 10 percent emissions per unit of energy transport by 2020. Both the US and California associated with liquid biofuels in the future “. In 2009, Brazil also adopted new sustainability policies for sugarcane ethanol, including “zoning regulation of sugarcane expansion and social protocols”. and California standards currently address only greenhouse gas emissions, but California plans to “expand its policy to address other sustainability issues associated with liquid biofuels in the future”. In 2009, Brazil also adopted new sustainability policies for sugarcane ethanol, including “zoning regulation of sugarcane expansion and social protocols”. and California standards currently address only greenhouse gas emissions, but California plans to “expand its policy to address other sustainability issues associated with liquid biofuels in the future”. In 2009, Brazil also adopted new sustainability policies for sugarcane ethanol, including “zoning regulation of sugarcane expansion and social protocols”.
Biofuels, in the form of liquid fuels derived from plant materials, are entering the market, driven by factors such as oil prices and the need for increased energy security. However, many of these first-generation biofuels are currently being tested for their adverse impacts on the natural environment, food safety, and land use. The challenge is to support second, third and fourth generation biofuel development. Second-generation biofuels include new cellulosic technologies, with responsible policies and economic instruments to help ensure that biofuel commercialization is sustainable. Responsible commercialization of biofuels represents an opportunity to enhance sustainable economic prospects in Africa, Latin America and Asia. Biofuels have a limited ability to replace fossil fuels and should not be considered as a ‘silver bullet’ for deal with transport emissions. However, they offer the prospect of increased market competition and oil prices. A healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help you fight against fossil fuels, especially in the transport sector. Using transportation fuels is also an integral part of a sustainable transport strategy.
Biofuel development and use is a complex issue because there are many biofuel options which are available. Biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, are currently being produced from such products as maize, sugar cane, palm oil and oilseed rape. Someers fear that a major switch to biofuels from such crops would create a direct competition with their use for food and animal feed, and claim that in some parts of the world. the enormous areas of idle and disembarkation of a large proportion of biofuel also. The second generation of biofuels is also being produced from a wide range of crops (eg, perennial grasses such as switchgrass and Miscanthus giganteus), forestry materials, co-products from food production, and domestic vegetable waste. Advances in the conversion processes will improve the sustainability of biofuels, through improved efficiencies and reduced environmental impact of biofuels, from both existing food crops and from cellulosic sources. In 2007, Ronald Oxburgh suggested in The Courier-Mail that production of biofuels could be either responsible or irresponsible and had several trade-offs: “Produced responsibly they are a sustainable energy source ; they can also help solve the problems of the waste generated by Western society; and they can create jobs for the poor where previously were none. Produced irresponsibly, they have a negative impact on the environment and have a negative impact on their social and environmental consequences. In other words, biofuels are pretty much like any other product. In 2008 the Nobel prize-winning chemist Paul J. Crutzen published findings that the release of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions in the production of biofuels means that they contribute to global warming than the fossil fuels they replace. According to the Rocky Mountain Institute, sound biofuel production practices would not hamper food and fiber production, nor cause water or environmental problems, and would enhance soil fertility. The selection of land is a critical component of the biofuels to deliver sustainable solutions. A key consideration is the minimization of biofuel competition for cropland premium. Biofuels are different from fossil fuels in the form of carbon emissions, but are similar to fossil fuels in that biofuels contribute to air pollution. Raw biofuels, airborne carbon carbonates, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides. The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution. but are similar to fossil fuels in that biofuels contribute to air pollution. Raw biofuels, airborne carbon carbonates, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides. The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution. but are similar to fossil fuels in that biofuels contribute to air pollution. Raw biofuels, airborne carbon carbonates, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides. The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution.
Brazil’s production of ethanol fuel from sugarcane dates back to the 1970s, as a governmental response to the 1973 oil crisis. Brazil is considered the leading biofuel industry and the world’s first sustainable biofuels economy. In 2010, the US Environmental Protection Agency designated Brazilian crude ethanol as an advanced biofuel due to EPA’s estimated 61% reduction of total life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, including direct indirect indirect land use emissions. The sugarcane ethanol fuel program success and sustainability is based on the most efficient agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world, and the residual cane-waste (bagasse) is used to process heat and power. which results in a very competitive price and also in a high energy balance, which varies from 8.3 for average conditions to 10.2 for best practice production. A report commissioned by the United Nations, based on a review of the world’s top-of-the-world experts, found that ethanol from sugar cane in Brazil just “zero emission.” If grown and processed correctly, it has negative emission, CO2 pulling out of the atmosphere, rather than adding it. to emissions reductions of between 70% and well over 100% when substituted for gasoline. Several other studies have shown that sugarcane-based ethanol is reduced by 86 to 90% if there is no significant land use change. In another study commissioned by the Dutch government in 2006 to evaluate the sustainability of Brazilian bioethanol concluded that it is sufficient water to supply all foreseeable long-term water requirements for sugarcane and ethanol production. This evaluation also shows that agrochemicals for sugar cane production is lower than in citric, corn, coffee and soybean cropping. The study found that the development of resistant sugar cane is a crucial aspect of the disease and is one of the primary objectives of Brazil’s genetic development programs. Disease control is one of the main reasons for the replacement of a commercial variety of sugar cane. Another concern is the fact that sugarcane fields are traditionally burned just before harvest to avoid harm to the workers, by removing the sharp leaves and killing snakes and other harmful animals, and also to fertilize the fields with ash. Mechanization will reduce pollution and has increased productivity. By the 2008 harvest season, around 47% of the cane was collected with harvesting machines. Regarding the negative impacts of the direct and indirect effects of carbon dioxide emissions, the study of the Dutch government concludes that “it is very difficult to determine the indirect effects of further production for sugar production (ie Another concern is the risk of clearing rainforests and other valuable land for sugarcane production, such as the Amazon rainforest, the Pantanal or the Cerrado. Embrapa has rebutted this concern explaining that 99.7% of sugarcane plantations are located at least 2,000 km from the Amazon, and expanding during the last 25 years took place in the Center-South region, also far away from the Amazon rainforest, the Pantanal or the Atlantic forest. In São Paulo state growth took place in abandoned pasture lands. The impact assessment commissioned by the Dutch government supported this argument. In order to guarantee a sustainable development of ethanol production, in September 2009 the government issued by decree a countrywide agroecological land use zoning to restrict sugarcane growth in or near environmentally sensitive areas. According to the new criteria, 92.5% of the Brazilian territory is not suitable for sugarcane plantation. The government considers that it is more appropriate for the future for ethanol and sugar in the domestic and international markets. Regarding the food vs. fuel issue, a World Bank research report published on July 2008 found that “Brazil’s sugar-based ethanol did not appreciably higher”. This research paper also shows that Brazil’s sugar cane-based ethanol has not significantly increased sugar prices. An economic assessment report also published in July 2008 by the OECD agrees with the World Bank report on the negative effects of subsidies and trade restrictions, but found that the impact of biofuels is much smaller. A study by the Brazilian research unit of the Fundação Getúlio Vargas on the effects of biofuels on the market of food and beverage products. grain stocks. There is no correlation between Brazilian sugarcane cultivation and average grain prices, as the contrary, the spread of sugarcane is accompanied by rapid growth of grain crops in the country. A study by the Brazilian research unit of the Fundação Getúlio Vargas on the effects of biofuels on the market of food and beverage products. grain stocks. There is no correlation between Brazilian sugarcane cultivation and average grain prices, as the contrary, the spread of sugarcane is accompanied by rapid growth of grain crops in the country. A study by the Brazilian research unit of the Fundação Getúlio Vargas on the effects of biofuels on the market of food and beverage products. grain stocks. There is no correlation between Brazilian sugarcane cultivation and average grain prices, as the contrary, the spread of sugarcane is accompanied by rapid growth of grain crops in the country.
Crops like Jatropha, used for biodiesel, can thrive on marginal agricultural land where many trees and crops would not grow, or would produce only slow growth yields. Jatropha cultivation provides benefits for local communities: Cultivation and fruit picking by hand is labor intensive and needs around one person per hectare. In parts of rural India and Africa this is a much-needed job – about 200,000 people worldwide find employment through jatropha. Moreover, villagers often find that they can grow other crops in the shade of the trees. Their communities will avoid importing expensive diesel and there will be some for export too.
Cambodia has no fossil fuel reserves, and is almost completely dependent on imported diesel fuel for electricity production. Consequently, Cambodians face an insecure supply and pay some of the highest energy prices in the world. The impacts of this is widespread and may hinder economic development. Biofuels can provide a substitute for diesel fuel that can be manufactured locally for a lower price, independent of the international oil price. The local production and use of biofuel also offers other benefits such as energy security, rural development opportunities and environmental benefits. The Jatropha curcas is commonly available in Cambodia. Local sustainable production of biofuel in Cambodia, based on the Jatropha or other sources,
Jatropha is native to Mexico and Central America and was likely transported to India in the 1500s by Portuguese sailors. In 2008, recognizing the need to diversify its sources of energy and reduce emissions, Mexico passed a 2.6 million hectare (6.4 million acres) of land with a high potential to produce jatropha. The Yucatán Peninsula, for instance, is also a production site, also contains abandoned sisal plantations, where growing Jatropha for biodiesel production would not displace food. On April 1, 2011 Interjet completed the first Mexican aviation biofuels test flight on an Airbus A320. The fuel was a 70: -based Global Clean Energy Holdings, Bencafser SA and JH SA Honeywell’s UOP processed the oil into Bio-SPK (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene). Global Energías Renovables operates the largest Jatropha farm in the Americas. On August 1, 2011 Aeromexico, Boeing, and the Mexican Government participated in the first biojet powered transcontinental flight in aviation history. The flight from Mexico City to Madrid used a blend of 70 percent traditional fuel and 30 percent biofuel (aviation biofuel). The biojet was produced entirely from Jatropha oil. -based Global Clean Energy Holdings, Bencafser SA and JH SA Honeywell’s UOP processed the oil into Bio-SPK (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene). Global Energías Renovables operates the largest Jatropha farm in the Americas. On August 1, 2011 Aeromexico, Boeing, and the Mexican Government participated in the first biojet powered transcontinental flight in aviation history. The flight from Mexico City to Madrid used a blend of 70 percent traditional fuel and 30 percent biofuel (aviation biofuel). The biojet was produced entirely from Jatropha oil. and the Mexican Government participated in the first biojet powered transcontinental flight in aviation history. The flight from Mexico City to Madrid used a blend of 70 percent traditional fuel and 30 percent biofuel (aviation biofuel). The biojet was produced entirely from Jatropha oil. and the Mexican Government participated in the first biojet powered transcontinental flight in aviation history. The flight from Mexico City to Madrid used a blend of 70 percent traditional fuel and 30 percent biofuel (aviation biofuel). The biojet was produced entirely from Jatropha oil.
Pongamia pinnata is a native of Australia, India, Florida (USA) and most tropical regions, and is now being considered as an alternative to Jatropha for areas such as Northern Australia, where Jatropha is classed as a noxious weed. Commonly known as simply ‘Pongamia’, this tree is currently being marketed in Australia by Pacific Renewable Energy, for use as a replacement for diesel engine for diesel or for conversion to Biodiesel using 1st or 2nd Generation Biodiesel techniques, for running in unmodified Diesel engines.
Sweet sorghum overcomes many of the shortcomings of other biofuel crops. With sweet sorghum, only the stalks are used for biofuel production, while the grain is saved for food or livestock feed. It is in the global food market, and thus has little impact on food prices and food security. Sweet sorghum is grown on already-farmed drylands that are low in carbon storage capacity, so concerns about the clearing of rainforest do not apply. Sweet sorghum is easier and cheaper than other crops in India and does not require irrigation, an important consideration in dry areas. Some of the Indian sweet sorghums are grown in Uganda for ethanol production. A study by researchers at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) found that growing sweet sorghum instead of grain sorghum could increase farmers incomes by US $ 40 per hectare per crop because it can provide food, feed and fuel. With grain sorghum currently grown over 11 million hectares in Asia and 23.4 million hectares in Africa, a switch to sweet sorghum could have a considerable economic impact.
Public attitudes and actions of key stakeholders can play a crucial role in realizing the potential of sustainable biofuels. Informed discussion and dialogue, based both on scientific research and the understanding of public and stakeholder views, is important. The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels is an international initiative that brings together farmers, companies, governments, non-governmental organizations, and scientists who are interested in the sustainability of biofuels production and distribution. During 2008, the Roundtable used meetings, teleconferences, and online discussions to develop a series of principles and criteria for sustainable biofuels production. In April 2011, the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels launched a set of comprehensive sustainability criteria – the “RSB Certification System.
The Sustainable Biofuels Consensus is an international initiative which calls upon governments, the private sector, and other stakeholders to take decisive action to ensure the sustainable trade, production, and use of biofuels. In this way, biofuels can play a key role in energy sector transformation, climate stabilization, and subsequent global revitalization of rural areas. The Sustainable Biofuels Consensus envisions a “landscape that provides food, fodder, fiber, energy, which offers opportunities for rural development, that diversifies energy supply, ecosystem restores, protects biodiversity, and sequesters carbon”.
In 2008, a multi-stakeholder process was initiated by the World Wildlife Fund and the International Finance Corporation, the private development arm of the World Bank, bringing together industry, supply chain intermediaries, end-users, farmers and civil society organizations to develop standards for certifying the products of sugar cane, one of which is ethanol fuel. The Bonsucro standard is based around a definition of sustainability
. According to the Wall Street Journal, crude oil would be trading at 15 per cent higher and gasoline would be more expensive, if it were not for biofuels. A healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to fight gasoline price spikes.
Biofuels have a limited ability to replace fossil fuels and should not be considered as a ‘silver bullet’ for deal with transport emissions. Biofuels can be used as an integrated approach, which promotes energy efficiency and energy efficiency, and promotes energy efficiency. Consideration needs to be given to the development of hybrid and fuel cell vehicles, public transport, and better town and rural planning. In December 2008, Air New Zealand has completed the world’s first commercial aviation test flight using jatropha-based fuel. More than a dozen performance tests were undertaken in the two-hour flight from Auckland International Airport. A biofuel blend of 50: 50 jatropha and Jet A1 fuel was used to power one of the Boeing 747-400’s Rolls-Royce RB211 engines. Jatropha, New Zealand, 1997, p. 1, p. farms are rain fed and not mechanically irrigated “. The company has also set general sustainability criteria, saying that such biofuels should not compete with food resources, that they should be competitive. In January 2009, Continental Airlines used a sustainable biofuel to power a commercial aircraft for the first time in North America. This flight has been developed using a twin-engined aircraft, a Boeing 737-800, powered by CFM International CFM56-7B engines. The biofuel blend contained components derived from algae and jatropha plants. The algae oil provided by Sapphire Energy, and the jatropha oil by Terasol Energy. In March 2011, Yale University research showed significant potential for sustainable aviation fuel based on jatropha-curcas. According to the research, if grown properly, jatropha can deliver many benefits in Latin America and greenhouse gas reductions of up to 60 percent when compared to petroleum-based jet fuel. Actual conditions in Latin America are evaluated by the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels. Unlike previous research, which used the theory of Yale, the Yale team conducted many interviews with jatropha farmers and used “field measurements to develop the first comprehensive sustainability analysis of actual projects”. As of June 2011, a new international aviation fuel standard will be added to the existing fuel mix. The renewable fuels “can be blended with a commercial jet fueled by ASTM D7566, Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons”. In December 2011, the FAA awarded $ 7.7 million to biofuels, with a special focus on alcohol to jet fuel. The FAA is assisting in the development of a sustainable fuel (from alcohols, sugars, biomass, and organic matter such as pyrolysis oils) that can be “dropped into” the current world. The research will test the new fuels affect engine durability and quality control standards. GreenSky London, a biofuels plant under construction in 2014, aims to take over some 500,000 tonnes of municipal jet fuel, and 40 megawatts of power. By the end of 2015, it was hoped that London City Airport will be driven by waste and rubbish discarded by London residents, leading to carbon savings of 150,000 cars off the road. Unfortunately,